Spiritual Emergence Versus Religious Emergency Essay

Spiritual Emergence Versus Religious Emergency By Bil Holton | Submitted On March 07, 2015 Recommend Article Article Comments Print Article Share this article on Facebook Share this article on Twitter Share this article on Google+ Share this article on Linkedin Share this article on StumbleUpon Share this article on Delicious Share this article on Digg Share this article on Reddit Share this article on Pinterest Expert Author Bil Holton We hear a lot of people using the phrase more spiritual than religious these days, causing us to ponder what they really mean when they label themselves this way. It has been our experience that there really is a soul deepening difference between spiritual and religious -- a difference we have termed spiritual emergence versus religious emergency. Spiritual emergence is a gradual unfoldment of spiritual expression that causes a minimal disturbance in our everyday functioning because we are somewhat prepared for it, given our disposition for the mystical. On the other hand, there are those who experience what we call religious emergencies, which can cause significant disruptions in their everyday living, because these folks are usually unprepared for mystical experiences since they consider themselves to be more religious than spiritual. Emergent spiritual experiences like visions, deeply felt meditations, out-of-body experiences, apparitions and precognitive dreams are usually exhilarating and life-changing and can be veryShow MoreRelatedRastafarian79520 Words   |  319 Pages2. Jamaica—Religious life and customs. I. Title. 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The Physics Of Solar Energy - 998 Words

Solar energy dates back to 1839 with a French physicist by the name of Alexandre-Edmond Becquerel. His experiment of ‘illuminating two electrodes with different types of light† marked the birth of solar energy. Years later, William Grylls Adams, along with student assistant Richard Evans Day, discovered that converting solar energy into electrical energy is possible without the need of heat nor moving parts. Unfortunately, their panel couldn’t create enough power to run any electrical equipment. Three men - Calvin fuller, Daryl Chapin, and Gerald Pearson - continued solar study in 1959 and influenced a new era with their discovery of the silicon solar cell which had capabilities of powering small devices. Three years later, solar cells became available for sale, though the price cost an arm and leg at $300 per watt. On the bright side, novelties such as toys and radios were powered by solar panels. Fast forward a few year and satellites also began running on solar power as if it were a standard. A discovery by Exxon allowed solar to be available at an inexpensive price in the early 70’s, dropping from $100/watt to an estimated $20/watt. In addition, oil-rigs used solar energy to power the lights on rigs. Within the following two decades, solar panels were ‘used in their microwave towers to expand their telecommunication† in Australia. Desert areas also looked to solar energy as a source to water soil, since line-fed power wasn’t an option. Solar energy isn’t the leadingShow MoreRelatedPurpose For A Career In Engineering1025 Words   |  5 Pagesis right about his perspective, then renewable energy particularly solar and wind powers are among the chief contenders to solve global energy predicament and concurrently advance our energy generation to the next level. 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Carrefour S.A. Free Essays

tCarrefour S. A. is a large multinational corporation that aims to issue EUR 750 million worth of debt. We will write a custom essay sample on Carrefour S.A. or any similar topic only for you Order Now Consequently, Carrefour must decide the market in which it wants to place its bonds. The company had historically financed growth using securities denominated in the currency of its business operations. However, Carrefour’s investment banks, Morgan Stanley and UBS-Warburg, recently recommended borrowing in British pounds sterling to take advantage of a borrowing opportunity in that currency.This recommendation seems counter-intuitive prima facie, given that the British coupon rate is higher than those in all the other currencies, particularly the Swiss franc. Nevertheless, there are several reasons why investing in the British pound is a good idea. While the nominal interest rate of the Swiss franc is lower than that of the British pound, the real interest rate of the British pound is lower because of the relatively higher inflation rate in the U. K. Moreover, the exchange rate for GBP/EUR (. 628) appears more favorable than the exchange rate of CHF/EUR (1. 53). In addition, we can calculate the implied forward rates to further help us with our decision. We can use the formula F (f. c. /EUR) = (1+i(f. c. ))N/(1+i(EUR))N*S(f. c. /EUR) to find the implied 10 year forward rates: The low forward rates for GBP/EUR suggest that borrowing in British pounds is a wise choice. Next, we must use the implied forward rates to calculate the cash flows for each currency (in Euros). This will allow us to compare each currency and see which one has the smallest cash outflow (which is the best option, since we are issuing debt).We do this by finding the coupon payment in each currency and then dividing it by the implied forward rate for the appropriate year. Using this information, we can see that the cash outflow for the GBP is the smallest, which further suggests that borrowing in British pounds is advantageous. Plus, the cash outflow is greatest for the Swiss franc. We can also use a discounted cash flow analysis to guide our decision. We can take the cash flows we just calculated and discount them to the present time using the risk free rate for each respective country and for the appropriate year.These numbers will be even more helpful and accurate because will they be in terms of today’s dollars. See below: Once again, it is evident that the smallest cash outflow corresponds with the British pound. While the coupon rate for the GBP is higher, the exchange rate is more favorable, the real interest rate is actually lower, and the coupons paid are lower. All of these factors lead me to conclude that borrowing in British pounds is in the best interest of Carrefour. One final factor to consider is the markups that brokers typically charge to make money for their services.We can find the markup for each currency by subtracting the risk-free rate from the coupon rate. The markup for the Euro is 5. 25% – 5. 087% = . 163%. The markup for the GBP is . 001%. The markup for the CHF is . 126%. The markup for the USD is . 087%. As we can see, the markup for the GBP is significantly lower than those of the other currencies. This suggests that the GBP is less risky and has a lower chance of default than the other currencies. It is also another reason for borrowing in British pounds. How to cite Carrefour S.A., Papers

Defining a Heroine free essay sample

The word heroine has many definitions, but a true heroine is a woman who is selfless, and cares about others equally, if not more, than she cares about herself. That being said, because there are so many different ideas and definitions of what a heroine actually is, one must form their own personal view of the word. For instance, the American writer Sylvia Day spoke about her personal heroines and said, My heroines, more often than not, are the ones who are troubled and resistant. Aside from the many ideas, definitions, and interpretations of the heroine, knowing the iterate definition of the word is key to being able to form a personal opinion. To make matters even more confusing, the dictionary definition of the heroine contains around three different explanations of the word. In simple terms, a heroine can either be a mythological or legendary woman who has the qualities of a hero, a woman admired and emulated for her achievements and qualities, or the principal female character in a literary or dramatic work. We will write a custom essay sample on Defining a Heroine or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The first interpretation of the word mentions the idea of a herd, which Is simply the masculine form of the word heroine. Though it is not uncommon to hear a woman be referred to as a hero, a man will never be referred to as a heroine. Other words that are synonyms to the word heroine are words like idol, leading lady, legend, protagonist, and demigoddess. Even though the definition of a heroine Is muddled and somewhat confusing, the definition of what the opposite of a heroine Is completely clear.Overall, a heroine Is a woman who Is selfless, goes to great lengths to help others, is courageous, Is self-effacing, and does what she can for others regardless of the possible personal ramifications. That being said, the direct opposite of a heroine Is a woman who Is selfish, uncaring, conceited, and Is only concerned for her own wellbeing. In simpler terms, the opposite off heroine Is none other than a coward. Though the definition of a heroin Is a bit unclear, It Is certain that a heroine Is not someone who Is weak, cowardly, gutless, or faint-of-heart.What Is also certain about this word Is that there are as many different kinds of heroines as there are defenseless. A heroine can be the leading lady In a novel, someone you Idealize, or someone you know and look up to. For Instance, one of my own personal heroines would without a doubt be my Aunt Adrian. Adrian Is a woman of honesty, determination, drive, love, compassion, generosity, and understanding. She Is someone I look up to, aspire to be like, and have come to regard as a personal heroine.In a completely different sense, Beryl Markham Is the heroine of her novel West With the Night, In the way that she Is the leading lady, but she also displays great amounts of courage, Integrity, and honesty throughout the book. In conclusion, there Is no singular Idea, definition, or Interpretation of the heroine. There are countless Ideas of the heroine but what gives the word meaning Is ones personal Interpretation of the word.Defining a Heroine By intelligentsia mentions the idea of a hero, which is simply the masculine form of the word Even though the definition of a heroine is muddled and somewhat confusing, the definition of what the opposite of a heroine is completely clear. Overall, a heroine is a woman who is selfless, goes to great lengths to help others, is courageous, is self-effacing, and does what she can for others regardless of the possible personal ramifications. That being said, the direct opposite off heroine is a woman who is selfish, uncaring, conceited, and is only concerned for her own wellbeing.In simpler terms, the opposite off heroine is none other than a coward. Though the definition of a heroin is a bit unclear, it is certain that a heroine is not someone who is weak, cowardly, gutless, or faint-of-heart. What is also certain about this word is that there are as many different kinds of heroines as there are definitions. A heroine can be the leading lady in a novel, someone you idealize, or someone you know and look up to. For instance, one of my own personal heroines would without a doubt be my Aunt Adrian. Adrian is a woman of honesty, determination, drive, love, compassion, generosity, and understanding. She is someone I look up to, aspire sense, Beryl Markham is the heroine of her novel West With the Night, in the way that she is the leading lady, but she also displays great amounts of courage, integrity, and honesty throughout the book. In conclusion, there is no singular idea, definition, or interpretation of the heroine. There are countless ideas of the heroine but what gives the word meaning is ones personal interpretation of the word.

DNA Extraction Lab Report Essay Example

DNA Extraction Lab Report Paper Extraction and purification of DNA are the first steps in the analysis and manipulation of DNA that allow scientists to detect genetic disorders, produce DNA finger rings of individuals, and even create genetically engineered organisms that c an produce beneficial products such insulin, antibiotics, and hormones. DON A can be extracted from many types of cells. For this lab, we extracted DNA from a strawberry and our own cheek cells. D AN can be extracted from cells by a simple technique with household chemicals, enable Eng us to see strands of DNA with the naked eye. In this lab, we added a buffer solution composed of salt, clear dish detergent, and denizen d water for procedure the strawberry part). For procedure 2( our cheek cells), e used the same buffer solution but added red food coloring so we can dusting sushi the DNA from the rest of the cellular components because it was all a white mixture. Finally, ethanol was added in the test tubes because DNA is soluble in w eater and alcohol causes DNA to isolate from the solution, leaving behind all the c alular components that arent soluble in alcohol. These solutions allow the break kiddo of lipids surrounding the DNA such as the nuclear envelope and proteins that make up a cell membrane. A few minutes later, clumps of a white substances e that looks like mucus can be seen. That mixture of DNA an be spooled with a stirring rod and pulled out of the solution. We will write a custom essay sample on DNA Extraction Lab Report specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on DNA Extraction Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on DNA Extraction Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Design for procedure 1: Hypothesis when DNA extraction buffer is added to a strawberry mixture the DNA becomes visible. Dependent variable: DNA in strawberry Independent variable: DNA extraction buffer Control group: Strawberry mixture in the bag without the buffer Experimental group: strawberry mixture with DNA extraction buffer Design for procedure 2: Hypothesis when you gargle salt water your cheek cells get suspended in the salt water after being spit out. Dependent: cheek cells Independent: salt water Control group: regular water Experimental: salt water Materials for 1st Procedure: DNA extraction buffer (900 ml of denizen water, 50 ml of CLC AR dishwashing detergent, 2 teaspoons of salt), a whole straw Webber, suspicious bag, plastic cups, cheesecloth, funnel, test tubes, pipette, paper towel, stirring rod, and ethanol Materials for 2nd procedure: DNA extraction buffer (900 ml of denizen water, 50 ml of CLC ear dishwashing detergent, 2 teaspoons of salt), a whole straw Webber, suspicious bag, plastic CUPS, cheesecloth, funnel, test tubes, pipette, paper towel, stirring rod, red food coloring, and ethanol Method for procedure 1: We began this part of the lab by adding a strawberry to a Copilot storage back and one of our group members used her hands to smash the strawberry. W e then added 10 ml of the DNA extraction buffer. We mashed the strawberry in the buffer for one minute. Then, we used a funnel and cheesecloth (or coffee e filters) to filter the strawberry juice into a single test tube or beaker. After the at, we slowly poured cold ethanol or 91% spoilsport alcohol over the top o f the strawberry mixture. To get a single layer of clear ethanol on top of the strawberry mixture, we used a pipette to add the ethanol. When we observed who tie strands forming in the ethanol layer, we used an inoculating loop or stirring rod to spool the strands. Method for procedure 2: We first select a group member to participate in the experiment. We obtained a cup and poured 200 MI of drinking water and added two teaspoons of salt . He (Frank) gargled the salt water for 1 minute. After the minute was up, he spit the gargled water into another cup. By doing this, his cheek cells were e now suspended in the salt water. He gently stirred the salt water with o en drop of soap. We then mixed 20 ml spoilsport alcohol and 13 drops of DOD coloring in a separate beaker. Then, we transferred the gargled salt water/ soap solution to a test tube to make it easier to see the DNA. After, we gently pop rued the colored alcohol over the top of the gargled water and it formed a layer on top. We waited for about 2. 5 minutes and we saw white clumps and strings forming. THIS WAS DNA! FRR Ann. Then used a stirring rod to spool the clumps of DNA out of the solution. Analysis What does DNA look like? The DNA is in the form of a spider web. Why is it important for scientists to be able to remove DNA from cells? It is important because DNA shows the genetic makeup of organisms and are the building blocks of differentiation between organisms. What is the role of detergent, ethanol, and salt in the extraction process? Deters .NET allows the breakdown of the nuclear membrane so DNA can come out. Ethan 01 allows DNA to clump up so it can be extracted much easier. Salt helps put and keep the DNA together. Is there DNA in your food? How do you know? Why are you not harmed (or altered) by ingesting the DNA of another organism? What implication does this have for farmers who would use GM (genetically modified) plants? Yes, there is DNA in our food; the strawberry DNA extraction experiment proved this to be true. We are not harmed by the DNA because they cant survive the internal conditions of our body. Once they enter the acidic environment of our stomachs, they are broken down and they can no longer function properly or at all; they are denatured. Therefore, they are not able to harm us. Its implication is that they can continue using it since it doesnt harm our cells. Conclusion To recap, DNA is a small molecule composed of four nucleotide bases; Adenine, Thymine, Guanine and Cytosine, Guanine pairing with Cytosine, and Thymine pap inning with Adenine. The DNA is in the shape of double helix strands. DNA is the bal preprint to life; every living thing contains DNA From this lab, our group has learned how to extract DNA from strawberries and ourselves and have it made visible to the naked eye. Strawberries have eight sets of chromosomes. For procedure 1 , the goal is to e extract DNA from the strawberry. The purpose of the lab is to extract the DNA from the cells and observe it visibly with the human eye. In order to extract DNA from them, you must simply take the pink strawberry solution. By using ethanol, detergent, and salt, you will e that DNA will soon become visible, making it appear as a white mucus or in a spider formation. Thats how you can see it is ready for access able extraction. For procedure 2, the same buffer is used to extra CT DNA from ones cheek cells, but is dyed red to distinguish the DON A from other components. The solutions used for both procedures break down substances surrounding the DNA , such as the nuclear envelope, proteins, and other components. Once clumps of a white substance ( DNA) become visible, they can be pulled out of the test TU be with a stirring rod and examined without a microscope!

Intellectual Property Assignment The WritePass Journal

Intellectual Property Assignment Introduction Intellectual Property Assignment ) MacQueen, Waelde Laurie, Contemporary Intellectual Property (2nd ed. OUP 2010)

The Role of Class in British Cinema Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The Role of Class in British Cinema - Essay Example George VI was the king and he never wanted to become one. After the death of his father, his brother Edward was to take the throne but he refused to take it in order to marry the woman he loved, and thus, the duty was given to Prince Albert who since early ages, he had struggled with his speech. Albert has been the favourite of his father, but he mourns the introduction of the newspapers and radio, which necessitate a monarch to be heard and seen on public occasions. To avoid public humiliation, his wife Elizabeth seeks help from several speech therapists but nothing works. At last, a speech therapist from Australia Lionel Miguelbecomes of great assistance to Prince Albert in delivering the King’s speech(Ebert 2011, p320; Conradi and Logue 2011, p201). The paper will discuss the role of class in British cinema with special emphasis on the film The King’s Speech. Royal Politics and Its Aesthetic Value in British Cinema Film theory as it is known today came into existence in the late 1960s and since then, they have been controlled by psychoanalytic ideas. After the First World War, it was easier to identify two specific groups in film criticism. The first group was composed of the Sergei Eisenstein figure, whose theoretical essays and filmmaking in the 1920s established the beginning of the role of cinema as an aesthetic one. Based on the idea of Eisenstein, the aesthetic value of the film depended on its capability to change reality and this took the form of montage in his films. The second group was composed of the surrealists and impressionists. They were of the notion that the main role of the cinema was aesthetic; however, they were of the idea that the camera was sufficient to render general objects sublime. They emphasized on cinema as the visual medium which indicated that they considered narrative in most cases as a hindrance that had to be overcome (Murphy 2005). From 1934, British cinemas witnessed an increase in attendance among the peop le. Apart from being a source of entertainment, they assumed the crucial role in communication and social contact. British films of those times expressed the image of Britain as a very stable hierarchy at home, a just colonial government overseas and it represented the patriotic images of the armed forces and the monarchy. In general, the entire population of Britain looked happy with the films that were offered in the 1930s and those films assisted in the maintenance of the status quo and consensus. An important demographic feature of Britain in the 1930 was the steady ascendancy of the middle class. A number of films were based on this status quo (Redner 2010, p138). The Kings Speech setting is in the 1930s and represents what films at those times attempted to represent, that is, the role of class in the British Cinema. Universal agreement on a clear concept of class in cinema is elusive due to the various socioeconomic and political interactions that cinema, as an important media channel makes with the society. However, the transposition of the various usages of class in other disciplines onto cinema studies enables the generation of ideas with respect to cinema class. Using the Eisenstein theoretical postulates, cinema presents the audience with a chance to view of reality artistically coined to achieve the intended aesthetic value (Murphy 2005). Thematic

Change Management Plan Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Change Management Plan - Research Paper Example In 1987, the management of Samsung separated it into four major business groups, namely; the Hansol group, the CJ group, Shinsegae group, and the Samsung group. Ever the periods of 1990s, Samsung has increasingly diversified its business operations, particularly in the electronics sector (Bernstein Black Book, 2012). Samsung is one of the leading manufacturers of cell phones that operate under the brand name of Samsung. Samsung does not only produce cell phones, it also produces other electronics such as lap tops, and television sets. By 2012, Samsung was the leading information technology in the world, in terms of its revenues (Bernstein Black Book, 2012). In terms of the market, Samsung electronics is the fourth largest company, in terms of the market that the company controls. For Samsung to be one of the leading businesses in the electronics market, it has a policy of always taking care of the needs and interests of its employees. By doing this, Samsung believes that its employee s will be motivated to act in a manner that is beneficial to the company under consideration. For example, Samsung has a policy of always training its members of staff, on the various skills needed to carry out their duties (Bernstein Black Book, 2012). ... Samsung designed this system to analyze and monitor the performance and the capability of its employees in meeting the objectives of the company. It also analyzes the possibilities of growth for the employee under consideration. On this basis, this evaluation system is designed to gather data on the capabilities of an employee. However, in my own opinion, this evaluation system has a number of flaws, which the company needs to change, for purposes of improving the work performance of its various employees. For example, this evaluation system only takes place once in a year. This is very unacceptable, and it is because there is always a need to evaluate an employee on a constant basis (Mejia and Blankin, 2012). That is either weekly or monthly as this will motivate them in working hard and hence meeting the objectives of the company. Another flaw in this evaluation system is that it is the supervisors who are engaged in the evaluation process of an employee or their juniors. In my own opinion, this is unacceptable, and it is because senior employees might provide biased reports concerning a particular employee. To change on this, the management needs to develop an evaluation system that will incorporate all the employees in evaluating one another. For example, if the organization allows the colleagues of an employee to evaluate him, then they might provide some necessary information which might be useful to the organization in determining the capability of an employee. Bias is avoided by using this method, since managers will judge on the consistency of information presented the supervisor of an employee, the employee himself, and his colleagues at the work place. On this basis, the evaluation report will be reliable

Human resource management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 2

Human resource management - Essay Example In short, employee’s effort (F) towards an action is the valence (V), i.e., value attached to the outcome multiplied by the probability/expectancy (E) attached to their action that will lead to the desired outcome (Koontz, 2010). Considering this theory in McDonald’s context provides some very interesting findings. For instance, McDonald’s motivation and recognition schemes include bonuses for high performers, recognition as employer, team and manager of the term, champion awards, promotions etc (Lovewell, 2013). Considering that the motivation factors are varied among employees, most of the factors fall into either monetary, or non-monetary categories; and, McDonald’s attempts to provide opportunities for earning both types of rewards, thereby considering both extrinsic and intrinsic motivating factors. Employees that depend on intrinsic motivation look for recognition of their efforts and will thus strive to achieve the same by putting in more efforts; c onversely, extrinsically motivated staff is satisfied by the bonuses and other compensations such as company-sponsored dinner outings. Job evaluation is the process of systematic and relative comparison of roles to assess their net worth in order to derive a rational pay structure. Job analysis is the precursor for job evaluation and involves the decisions of many people that may be analytical and also subjective (Cole, 2002). For instance, Tesco has adopted a simple, clear and transparent job evaluation system that is based on subjective evaluation and divides its roles into six bands of work-levels. Work and responsibilities are also divided proportionately, with the lowest level being level-1 and highest at level-6. (Level pegging, 2009). Their pay bands are relative to the market standards for the same levels in other companies. This banding has resulted in flat organizational structure, thus reducing bureaucratic levels that were slowing down decision-making and implementing activities as well as increasing costs for the company. Other factors include providing competitive pay packages for their employees compa red to competitors in order to motivate and retain their experienced staff; providing greater flexibility to its managers to identify critical leadership talent and to promote internal candidates for higher roles; thirdly, to improve teamwork and thus productivity; facilitating job rotation and lateral movements of staff members etc. Rewards are meant to motivate employees at all levels, and companies design complex reward systems that include a variety of rewards. For example, monetary rewards such as bonuses, incentives, compensation benefits, and non-monetary rewards such as recognition, promotions, appreciation, additional responsibilities, special training and skill development programs are a few reward systems that contemporary organizations use. As Lovewell (2013) points out, McDonald’s uses service awards to recognize employees’ commitment and loyalty; it rewards high performance with rewards such as restaurant of the quarter, month, and year. To recognize thei r support staffs’ outstanding contribution, they give the President’s award. To appreciate individual performance, they have

Homeostasis Of Skeletal And Muscular Systems

Homeostasis Of Skeletal And Muscular Systems Living cells of plants and animals are only able to survive under a narrow range of certain conditions that include nutrient availability, pH concentration, temperature, ion concentration among other factors. The human body, usually called inner environment has to time and again adapt to the outside environment which is ever experiencing weather changes and great climate diversification that occurs from one hour to another, one day to another day and from one season to another. It is in this respect that human beings have to device physiological mechanisms in order to survive because any inability by the human body to adjust to these changes leads to either diseases or to death. Human beings for example can only survive under a narrow range of pH values of 7.35 and 7.45.Any value below these results to a situation called acidosis whereas any excess of this causes a situation called alkalosis. It is of paramount importance to note that either condition is as life threatening as the ot her. Likewise, the normal body temperature of 37.2 to 37.7 degrees Celsius has to be equally maintained to ensure survival of a living organism. Any deviation from these results to a condition called hypothermia (if the core body temperature goes below 33 degrees Celsius or 91 degrees Fahrenheit) or hyperthermia (if the core body temperature goes above 42 degrees Celsius or 108 degrees Fahrenheit) This is done through the process called Homeostasis. Homeostasis is the tendency of a system of a living organism, either closed or open, to regulate an internal environment while maintaining a constant and stable condition. Homeostasis is made possible through multiple dynamic equilibrium adjustment and regulation mechanism and not a stable equilibrium as such. This is because internal body conditions are never absolutely stable but varies within a narrow range of average commonly referred to as set point. Several body systems are involved in the process of homeostatic regulation. The Nervous system is in charge of controlling other body parts by sending an electrochemical signal to the brain whenever there is any change from optimum levels. The brain then corresponds by sending the required stimulus to the respective body organ. The Circulatory system, made up of arteries and veins, maintains this balance through the circulation of blood to all other body parts. Through capillaries , an exchange of nutrients in each cell is initiated. This system also enhances the transportation of toxic excretory wastes and other liquid material to the excretory organs. Through lymphatic vessels, the Lymphatic system is involved in homeostasis by collecting excess tissue fluids and taking them back to the veins. The Endocrine system, the main regulator of this process of homeostasis, on the other hand contains hormones (chemical messengers) that keeps circulating throughout the blood stream and acts on the respective target organs. As much as the Endocrine system cannot work without coordinating with the Nervous system, its effects as long lasting even thou they are slow. The process of Homeostatic regulation takes place under a mechanism called feedback. This feedback can either be negative-to ensure stability or positive-to enhance a rapid change. A negative mechanism loop is where a body senses a change in the internal environment and activates methods to negate, reverse or counter that change. A very relevant example of negative mechanism is the process of temperature regulation. A rise in blood temperatures is sensed by specialized neurons located in the hypothalamus found in the brain. This is then signaled to other nerve centers which in turn relay them to the blood vessels of the skin. The dilation of the blood vessels pushes the blood to flow closer to the body surface and excess heat is radiated from the body. If this does not cool the body back to the set point, sweating is activated by the brain. A strong cooling effect is thus felt on the skin due to evaporation of sweat. In the event that the body temperatures fall too low, the same hypo thalamus senses this and signals this to the cutaneous arteries (that supply the skin with blood) to perform an action called constriction. Deeper retention of warm blood in the body is initiated thus less heat is lost from the body surface. If this effect is inadequate, the brain likewise activities the act of shivering and in the course of shivering, each muscle tremor releases heat energy to return the body back to the set point of 37 degrees Celsius. The second mechanism of homeostasis, a counterpart to the negative feedback loop is that of positive feedback and rapid change. In this positive feedback loop mechanism, once the body is able to sense a change, it activates a mechanism to either accelerate or increase that change. As much as this mechanism aids in homeostasis, it mostly produces opposite results and can be life threatening or fatal. A good example of a beneficial positive feedback is exhibited in the process of blood clotting where an enzyme that is used to form the matrix of blood clot thrombin in the complex biochemical pathway is catalyzed thus the process is speeded up. Another beneficial positive feedback is seen in the process of childbirth where the secretion of hormone oxytocin is triggered by the stretching of uterus and this enhances uterine contraction that speeds up labor. Similarly, a beneficial positive feedback is experienced in the process of protein digestion where secretion of hydrochloric acid and enzyme pepsin is initiated by the presence of partially digested protein particles that once digestion begins, it becomes a process that is self-accelerating. However, this mechanism has more harmful and more potential fatal consequences that often results to rapid loss of internal stability. The death of a small area of a heart tissue for example triggers myocardial infarction, a kind of heart attack, because the heart is not able to pump an adequate amount of blood hence the heart itself is deprived of blood and more tissues begins to die. In many cases, this leads to rapid cardiac mal-functioning leading to death. It is therefore important to bear in mind that many deaths that occur are as a result of positive feedback loop. However both the skeletal and the muscular systems work hand in hand in the process of homeostatic regulation in a combined system otherwise known as the muscular skeletal system or rather musculoskeletal system. This system consists of the bones and joints- skeletal system and voluntary or striated muscles-skeletal muscle system. Skeletal muscle fibers contain numerous nucleuses on each cell and the cell nuclei are found beneath the plasma membrane of the skin. Both the skeletal and the muscular systems work together in the process of performing basic and essential functions necessary for life that includes protection (of the brain and other internal organs), supportive services of maintaining an upright posture, blood cell formation in a process called hematopoesis, storage of minerals and fats among other minor duties like leverage that involves magnifying movement or force speed. Musculoskeletal system comprises of five major tissues that include bones, tendons, ligaments cartila ge and skeletal muscles. The ligaments are the tissues on which one bone is attached to another bone. Cartilages are protective and gel-like substances that line interveterbral discs and joints while tendons usually attach muscles to bones. Each of these tissues has four connective blocks that build tissues. They include fibroblasts, collagen, elastic fibers and proteoglycans. Fibroblasts are the mother of all these other connective tissues as it is the one that produces them. Collagens are the principal proteins that are long and thin and are organized into various intertwining fibers to form strong ones that do not stretch. Elastic fibers are found in the walls of arteries whereas proteoglycans are ground substances normally called matrix in which the other connective tissues reside. This combination of functions by both the muscular and skeletal happens mostly when there is a change in both the body pH and the central venous pressure. Active body muscles usually respire and in the process carbon dioxide is produced. The carbon dioxide that is produced dissociates in the blood to produce both hydrogen and carbon ions which have an impact of lowering this pH. Once there is such a decrease in the pH, the chemoreceptors that are centrally located in the brain detect this and induce respiration that accelerates expulsion of the carbon dioxide gas thus maintaining the internal body temperature. The second way in which muscular skeletal homeostasis in the body is evident happens during exercise. Here, more blood is diverted into body muscles as a result of relaxation of arterioles hence a considerable decrease in the volume of blood flowing to the heart. This brings about an impact in the central venous pressure. In order to correct this defect and bring about homeosta sis, the aortic and carotid barroreceptors via the cranial nerves detects this and relays this information in the cardiovascular (medulla) part of the brain. This then lowers the action potential rate in the brain thereby increasing and decreasing the sympathetic and the parasympathetic outputs respectively. The overall result is an increase in not only the inotropy (heart rate) and chronotropy (contractility) but also in vasoconstriction and total peripheral resistance (blood pressure).

Sports Management :: essays research papers

Sports Management   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Someone once said, â€Å"There are those who make things happen, those who watch things happen, and those who wonder what happened.† I consider myself one of those rare people who really knows how to â€Å"make things happen.† I have gone from being a follower to being a leader, from being someone who was shy and uncertain to a person who is self-confident and assertive. It has been a remarkable metamorphosis, and it has changed my future professional plans and personal goals.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The awakening of my independence happened during the end of my softball season my freshman year in college when my head coach had cut my scholarship because of lack of funding. I was faced with making my first mature decision into what my future was to hold. The following year I transferred to Thomas College hoping to play ball again which did not materialize because there were not enough players recruited to start the softball program. At Thomas College, I realized that I was going to school for the wrong reason -- to play ball. The idea hit me that being at Thomas College was not going to get me where I wanted to go in life. I then transferred to the University of Charleston, where I am presently. I wanted to pursue a sport management degree, while using my athletic abilities to participate in softball. I have no regrets on the decisions I have made, because I would never be the person I am today or have met all of the key people along the way.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Throughout my college career, I have attempted to learn as much as possible about the field of sports management through various work experiences with many different types of sports organizations. Through my experiences with people in a minor league baseball association, fitness club, public relations department, athletic departments, and various recreation centers, I have had the opportunity to develop and hone my communication and public relation skills in several different areas. These experiences have helped me gain a better understanding of my career goals in the sports industry.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In addition to the time spent out in the field, my education at University of Charleston has further developed my skills and knowledge of sports management, specifically in the areas of marketing, promotions, public and media relations, and management. I have also had the opportunity to be involved in various extracurricular activities that have provided me with the skills and knowledge that I have employed in my work experiences. Many concepts that I have learned from these activities were not taught in the classroom, but were

How Do Poems Use Language to Create Imaginary Worlds?

Poppies by Mary Oliver and A Martian Sends A Postcard Home by Craig Raine, with the use of unconventional metaphors and extremely detailed observation encourage us to look upon the ordinary in a way that leads us to explore our own human nature. Unexpected connections between a previously ordinary object and something that at first seemed totally unrelated can paint a picture of another context within which we can better examine our own existence (Hirsch).This is demonstrated quite well in A Martian Sends A Postcard Home in nearly every stanza, with the alien viewpoint of everyday things leading to considerable thought about the things we take for granted. The line, â€Å"At night, when all the colours die† is a particularly vivid way of describing day turning to night and implies the alien land must be either bright all the time or of another dimension where night and day have no meaning.Similarly, Poppies describes a field of flowers in terms that evoke the passage of life i tself, with lines such as, â€Å"Of course nothing stops the cold, black, curved blade from hooking forward— of course, loss is the great lesson† describing night falling, the death of a flower as it wilts and the blade of a scythe, invoking images of the Grim Reaper (Wu). All these observations are made as metaphors as opposed to similes, forcing the reader to consider each point as being the same thing as that which it is being compared to.In doing so, the reader is actually is involved in surmising the meaning of the passage through the metaphor, in collaboration with the author (Hirsch). This allows the reader to have a deeper connection with the work than merely taking in what the author is putting across, in a way that encourages extensive internal processing of the ideas more than just a literal and factual description of the ideas the author wanted to portray may have.In Poppies, when Oliver says, â€Å"†¦that light is an invitation to happiness†¦Ã¢â ‚¬  the reader is invited to think about not just poppies in a field but their own life and how they have the opportunity to make the best of the life they lead before the â€Å"curved blade† of the night (Wu). In a slightly different vein, A Martian Sends A Postcard Home is suggesting that we pay closer attention to the world around us, a world in which â€Å"Mist is when the sky is tired of flight and rests its soft machine on he ground† and also provokes feelings of nostalgia of when the reader was young and looked up at the clouds, the â€Å"soft machines†, for long periods, looking at them in a new way (Williams 454). The poets also have an eye for incredible detail in the world around us that they use to paint a picture of a scene in layers, allowing the reader to form a three dimensional picture of the scene in their head in vivid detail.In Poppies, for example, the one field of poppies is focused on in at almost every angle; the way they sway in the win d, the way the shine, their â€Å"yellow hair† and â€Å"rough and spongy gold† leading to almost a baptism of flowers, â€Å"washed and washed in the river of earthly delight†. This seeming progression of wonder, joy, light and rebirth through the steady application of description after description of the one object (the field of poppies) give the reader pause to think on their own progression through life.With the occasional interjection about the â€Å"darkness† and the â€Å"deep, blue night† we are reminded that death is looming but it is the happiness we can create beforehand that is important, and we should pay attention to that detail (Wu). A Martian Sends A Postcard Home does not have, on the surface, as much of a singular message to communicate; it presents us with a series of common-day objects perceived through an alien lens as completely new and how they would appear to a being with no frame of reference.However, it is precisely this a lien frame of reference that gives the reader a connection between their observations and their inner thoughts. Lines such as, â€Å"Adults go to a punishment room with water and nothing to eat†, though describing the base act of going to the toilet in a humorous manner also can lead to reflection on the nature of punishment and our own frame of reference for all things around us which we observe when we don’t quite understand their context.It encourages the reader to reach harmony between our â€Å"inner selves† and the universe around them, which some argue is the entire function of poetry itself. Both these poems utilize this detail to create a living imaginary world for the reader to consider the ideas put forth within (Couch 12). In conclusion, when both metaphor and detail are brought together in this way, with the poetic language that is employed in the two pieces, a powerful representation of â€Å"truth† and â€Å"harmony† is communicated to the reader in a way that possibly the standard prose form cannot.In this essay I have shown how the poets, by including the reader in the process of forming the ultimate meaning of what they are reading by the use of metaphor, together with painting their descriptions in great detail but in such a way that obscures instant recognition of what is being described, lead the reader to deeper thought about the issues raised and about their own humanity as it relates to the world around them. Works Cited Couch, Arthur Thomas.Poetry. New York: E. P. Dutton, 1914. Print. Hirsch, Edward. â€Å"Metaphor: A Poet is a Nightingale by Edward Hirsch . † Poetry Foundation. N. p. , 23 Jan. 2006. Web. 7 Oct. 2012. . Williams, David G. â€Å"Elizabeth Bishop and the ‘Martian' Poetry of Craig Raine and Christopher Reid. † English Studies: A Journal of English Language and Literature 78. 5 (1997): 451-458. Print. Wu, Alexis. â€Å"Mary Oliver's Poppies. † alexiswupoetry. N. p. , n. d. Web. 7 Oct. 2012. .

Effects of Sex in the Media on Adolescents essays

Effects of Sex in the Media on Adolescents essays Everywhere we go the media is always around us. Through television, radio, internet, movies, video games; we cannot escape media's influence. The media is full of sexual images and themes that can be unhealthy for a growing mind to view. The prevalence of overtly sexual content in the media influences teenagers to be promiscuous. The abundance of sexual material in the media is influencing teenagers to make unhealthy choices about sex. Because sexual themes can be found in all forms of media, it is difficult for teenagers not to be subjected to it. Richard Jackson and Christopher Barlett state, "[aAdolescents] . . . learn about sex from . . . media outlets such as movies, television, magazines, song lyrics, videos and the internet" (1). Allyssa Harris adds, "[The] media are among the primary educators for adolescents about sexuality and sexual behavior" (235). When teenagers are exposed to sexual themes in popular media, it alters their way of thinking in regards to sex. David Myers declares, "[tT]he more sexual content adolescents view, the more likely they are to perceive their peers as sexually active, to develop sexually permissive attitudes, and to experience early intercourse" (361). Frequent exposure to sexual media will affect how teenagers develop their self-identity (Harris 236). When teenagers turn on a media format to be entertained, they are being exposed to sexually charged content that will have harmful consequences on their The large amount of sexual situations shown on television programs influences teenagers to be promiscuous. Most of the popular prime-time television shows are full of sexual acts and behaviors. Myers states that if you watch prime-time television for one hour you will see "15 sexual acts, words and innuendos" (361). Harris adds, "[tThat] up to 70% of all television shows have sexual content, 68% talk about sex and 35% include sexual b...

Mohandas K. Ghandi essays

Mohandas K. Ghandi essays As Mohandas K. Gandhi once said, Satisfaction lies in the effort, not in the attainment. Mohandas K. Gandhi (1869-1948), called Mahatma (Great Soul), was a small man who had a big heart. He was Indias leader in its successful struggle to liberate itself from British colonialism. His love for humanity and his will to uplift all people against the oppression of apartheid showed in his many public and personal demonstrations. He was a man who was easily likeable and highly respected, unless of course, it was your cause that he was fighting against. He spoke of truth, peace and unity among many other things. What made Gandhis movement extraordinary is that it functioned without political influence, economic resources, or military power of any kind. Gandhis guiding principle was Satyagraha, which means non-cooperation and nonviolent passive resistance. He was highly influential to many people in India and worldwide for a variety of reasons. One notable person in American history w ho adopted the Mahatmas teachings was Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Dr. King used Gandhis teachings to fight against racism in America during the civil-rights era. Gandhi greatly influenced me because he stood firmly behind his beliefs, which in turn taught me to fight for what I believe is right. Gandhi had many beliefs that many of us can relate to. As a lawyer in South Africa, he learned that he was trusted with his work more when he looked for the hearts of both prosecutor and defendant, active in honesty. He longed to serve people in a meaningful way. Gandhi was impacted by the way he saw his fellow Indians were being treated, living as repressed slaves. He soon found that the more he simplified his life, the more time he would have to devote to community service. Gandhi continued to simplify his life, giving up all forms of compensation including gifts and stopped dressing as an Englishman....

The Iranian Carpet Industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

The Iranian Carpet Industry - Essay Example Therefore, all of these factors are interconnect in a very unique manner. It is also important to know the overall position of Persian rugs in the world in general and Europe (as it the major importer of Persian rugs) in specific. This also mentions the threats (in the form of international competitors) that Iran has to face. The present situation analysis of the Iranian carpet industry is given, as well as future investigation of what needs to be done to revive the industry as well as the pros and cons of each factor are provided. According to the Iranian (March 04, 1998), "There are a number of carpets manufacturing countries in the world, and it is a very volatile market. In 1980 Iran captured 40% of the market. In 1985, with political difficulties at home, Iran had only a 16% share, with India taking the lead. In 1992 Iran maintained 28.6% of the market. If Iranian production falls, the slack will be taken up by other nations. Particularly threatening are hand woven carpets from China. While Persian carpets still carry a mystique, the underutilized labour potential of China, India and Pakistan could over whelm Iranian products. Europe is the largest single market for carpets, importing about 1.2 billion dollars of rugs, with some 62% from Iran. The current embargo prevents an accurate assessment of how many Iranian carpets are imported into the United States, buy some rug dealers continue to sell new Iranian carpets. Many Iranian firms based both in Iran and Europe offer to ship Iranian rugs to America wit h false tags that give a different country of origin. Some Iranian rugs are imported in to the United States from Canada. Most American dealers, unwilling to risk their businesses, rely upon Chinese or Turkish made hand rugs. 3. The Present Situation of the Persian Carpet Industry As mentioned above competitors have taken over the carpet industry. According to an e newspaper, Iran Mania (17th June, 2005), Pakistan has taken over much of the market share by weaving "Persian carpets" in their country and selling them under the name of famous Iranian brands, such as, Haris, Afshar, Kashan, Kerman etc. At the time of the Iranian revolution, the government shunned the carpet industry. Carpet production in many areas was halted and was discouraged in other regions of the country. However, the government quickly came to realize the economic benefits of the industry. Upon comprehension, the government established schemes and incorporated carpet weaving into a number of regional developmental schemes. Another main target of the carpet industry is to raise the standard of living of the people. One of the main problems that the Iranian government has to face is the influx of the population in to the urban areas of the country from the rural (Lloyd 1993) Therefore, in order to handle the growth in population; the Iranian government transformed itself from an agricultural society to an urban one. According to the news magazine Iran Mania (17th June, 2005) in the future, unless the carpet weavers of Iran learn to work in an organized

Future of the Juvenile Justice Center Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Future of the Juvenile Justice Center - Essay Example xpertise that the police themselves lacked, and that these services were typically cheaper than allowing the jurisdictions to handle counseling and community re-integration. On the negative side, respondents commented that the quality of such services must be closely monitored especially when for-profit providers were involved, and that youth are more likely to violate the rules of private sector providers because they are perceived as being outside the juvenile justice system. Two places where private sector assistance is especially key are early intervention and electronic home monitoring (EHM). Community based early intervention programs, working in concert with the juvenile justice system as a whole, address child abuse and neglect, poverty, jobs for youth, and truancy (LWV, 2009; OJJDP, 2001). These early interventions can lead to better outcomes for youth and tap into the private sector to provide services which are out of the skill-set of police departments. Electronic home monitoring is a highly effective way to manage probation and aftercare. For instance, Alaska has found that electronic home monitoring is effective for returning juveniles to the community and their homes (Corrections Today, 2005). The use of EHM helps ensure the safety of the community while at the same time offering some control over the movements of juveniles. EHM is a good alternative to incarceration or detention for many youth, and allows the youth to remain in their communities under supervision (OJJDP, 2001). Home monitoring services are run by for-profit private sector contractors in most states. The juvenile justice system must continue encouraging the involvement of the private sector (through both nonprofit and for-profit contractors). Private sector services for youth relieve budgetary and manpower strains on jurisdictions and in some cases offer better alternatives for youth (OJJDP, 2001; LWV, 2009). Private sector interventions with juveniles provide more economical

APPRAISE PERFORMANCE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

APPRAISE PERFORMANCE - Essay Example When only one person is involved in the process, the risks of low objectivity and errors may compromise the delivery of good appraisal report. When many people are involved, these risks are spread out and accuracy is consequently increased. According to Jackson and Mathis (349), there are several errors that may arise in the process of performance appraisal, where the rating system is subjected to flaws. Some of these errors include application of varying errors, recency and primary effects, central tendency as well as stringency. The author explains that the effects of these errors to the final report are usually biased information on the performance of the employee. A more comprehensive report is obtained by use of different modes to avoid these errors as much as possible. Perhaps, understanding the nature of the type of appraisal done by each of the above stated individuals could bring the topic of appraisal near to clarity. An appraisal done by managers on their juniors is a common mode of carrying out performance evaluation. Despite there being a general reluctance from the managers to carry out routine appraisals on their juniors, it is still the most appropriate mode for many organizations. One of the reasons why managers heavily criticize this type of appraisal is due to the fact observed above in that one person inadequacy still affects them. Alternatively, managers are employed by organizations to instill improvement through coaching, encouragement, guidance as well as motivation but rarely acting as a judge. Proactive managers always look for ways to improve performance and common notions surrounding the appraisal principle tend to confuse them (Jackson and Mathis, 352). Once completed, managers’ or supervisors’ appraisals need to be reviewed by a manager senior than the one doing the appraisal to give it effect. When it comes to employees themselves, they may be subjected to self assessments to assist managers in extracting

Types of Literature Essay Example for Free

Types of Literature Essay 1) Novella A novella is the name given to a work that is longer than a short story, but too brief to be listed as a novel. Typically, most novellas can range from anywhere between 50 to 100 pages, though length can vary. Some literary critics characterize the maximum length of a novella to be 100,000 words. Today, the novella is rarely sold as an individual work. More frequently, several novellas are compiled into one book, or a novella will be grouped with a number of short stories by the same author. (Ex. John W. Campbell’s Who goes there? ) 2) Novel A novel is a fictional piece of prose usually written in a narrative style. Novels tell stories, which are typically defined as a series of events described in a sequence. The novel has been a part of human culture for over a thousand years, although its origins are somewhat debated. Regardless of how it began, the novel has risen to prominence and remained one of the most popular and treasured examples of human culture and writing. (Ex.Moby Dick by Herman Melville) 3) Poetry art of rhythmical composition, written or spoken, for exciting pleasure by beautiful, imaginative, or elevated thoughts. (Ex. How to change a frog into a Prince by Anna Denise) 4) Drama is a literary composition involving conflict, action crisis and atmosphere designed to be acted by players on a stage before an audience. This definition may be applied to motion picture drama as well as to the traditional stage. (Ex. Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare) 5) Short Story are written works that are usually fiction. They are sometimes known as micro fiction or flash fiction, and they are exceptionally short pieces that tell a story in a brief amount of space and time. Most short short stories are shorter than 1500 words, and some are even as short as 500 words. It is exceptionally difficult to tell a complete story in such a short amount of space, so these types of stories can be quite a challenge for writers. Literary magazines and other websites or print publications will often print such stories to fill a small amount of space at press time. (Ex. The Clever Fox)

Electronic Waste Popularly Known As E Waste Environmental Sciences Essay

Electronic Waste Popularly Known As E Waste Environmental Sciences Essay Electronic waste, popularly known as e-waste can be defined as electronic equipment or products connecting with power plug or batteries which have become obsolete due to advancement in technology, changes in fashion, style and status. E-waste is a popular, informal name for electronic products nearing the end of their useful life (Hawari and Hassan, 2008). This includes discarded computers, televisions, VCRs, stereos, copiers, fax machines, electric lamps, cell phones, audio equipment and batteries. Electrical and electronic waste (e-waste) is one of the most emerging issues that has caught the attention of various parties including policy makers, non-governmental organization (NGO) and the general public globally. This growing concern is due to the ever increasing volume of e-waste being generated resulting in activities such as collecting, dismantling and disposal of e-waste that has caused environmental pollutions and adverse impact on public health (Rosnani, 2010). E-waste in Malaysia is being regulated under the Environmental Quality Act (Scheduled Wastes) Regulations 2005 that came into effect on 15 August 2005 (Rosnani, 2010). The inclusion of e-waste the 2005 regulation is to adequately control the management of these wastes generated in the country as well as to enable Malaysia to disallow importation of used electrical and electronic equipment either for refurbishment or recovery only for short term usage, following which equipment is disposed off. Today, it is frequently cheaper and more convenient to buy new machine to accommodate the newer generations of technology than it is to upgrade the old. Expanding e-waste especially mobile phone and computer in all kind of sectors causing the increasing of the quantity of e-waste. E-waste contains significant quantities of toxic waste. Each computer or television display monitor contains an average of 4-8 pounds of lead. Monitor glass contain about 20% lead by weight. About 70% of heavy materials like mercury and cadmium found in landfill come from electronic equipment discard (Hawari and Hassan, 2008). These heavy metals and other hazardous substances found in electronic can contaminate groundwater and pose other environmental and public health. Moreover, the health impacts of the mixtures and material combination in the products often are not known (Noraida, 2010). The production of semiconductors printed circuit board, disk drives and monitors used particularly hazardous chemical. Therefore, one of the objective of this study is to find out the applicable management of e-waste around the world and their effects to human health. There are various issues of concerns with regard to e-waste disposal and recycling. This research proposal overview the issues specifically related to the export for recycling. Particularly, it discusses documented effects on human health and the environment that have been tied to unsafe recycling practices in developing countries. It also provides an overview of various factors necessary to be understand why e-waste disposal has become a concern on each countries. Therefore, it is important to have a good e-waste management in order to ensure that it will not harm to human and environment. If we not do the recycling, these e-waste will be disposed off. There are several methods to dispose e-waste either landfill or incinerator or open burning. However, if we look at to it closely, all this method will give negative impacts to human and environment. Other than that, problem related to facilities and location of e-waste disposal is occurring. When we landfill the e-waste, it will contaminate groundwater. If we incinerate e-waste, it will produce hazardous smelt and left hazardous residue. If we recycle the e-waste, it will harm the recycle team. Lastly, we export the e-waste to other country (Noraida, 2010). Now, we have no choice and scientist today should do more research on these problem. E-waste management need to fulfill different objectives which go beyond pure technical implementation. Especially in developing countries and countries in transition, which a lacking legal and institutional framework, as well as missing infrastructure, e-waste management demands for a comprehensive and structural approach. This has been echoed by various international organizations and initiatives, including the United Nation Developing Organization (UNIDO), the United Nation Environment Programmed (UNEP), the Basel convention, the Solving the e-Waste Problem (StEP). Several development cooperation project adopted a three step approach.  [1]   Understand the current framework condition Developing a structured strategy in a multi-stakeholder approach Implementing the strategy through a roadmap with assigned responsibilities and a timeframe The research will give beneficial to all community. Government can either try to avoid all the methods that can give negative impacts or if not, just look for the better management we have around the world that also included in this proposal. It also can give public awareness for those concerns. . It is hoped that these research proposal will assist in the better understanding and management of e-waste and a prompt action can be taken by the government to improve what we have now before it is too late. Objective to find out the issues and challenges on developing and implementing e-waste management To find out the applicable management of e-waste around the world and their effects to human health. To study the recommended actions that can be taken to tackles the e-waste issues Literature review Examining E-waste Related Legislations and Regulations In its list of recommendations to combat illegal dumping of E-waste, the Basel Action Network (BAN) urges governments to pressure manufacturers to remove toxic chemicals from products as soon as possible. BAN also calls on strict enforcement of the Basel Convention  [2]  and lauds Australia for its efforts in that regard (Michael, 2012). Regarding issues in Australia, it requires full testing of electronic waste to certify that it complies with the Basel Convention before it is exported. The BAN report on dumping in Lagos calls the U.S. the worst actor among developed countries that perpetuate dumping of hazardous waste in developing nations. Other place, Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection state that cathode ray tube no longer be accepted at transfer stations, landfills or landfill operators or a penalty of USD 25000 for each offense (Iswalah, 2008). Transboundary movement of hazardous waste is con-trolled by the Basel Convention, which entered into forcein 1992.  [3]   In Malaysia, government legislations have been introduce to control this situation. First under Environment Quality Act !974 Sect. 18(1). There are; E-Waste classified as Scheduled Waste and given the code of SW 110 E-Waste can only be handled by licensed contractors. Act enforced by Department of Environment. Enforcement-oriented rather than Facilitation-oriented. (PEWOG, 2009)  [4]   Second is under Public Cleansing and Solid Waste Management Act (2007), it state that all waste belongs to the government or its contractor (PEWOG, 2009). The question is the present of collection and processing activities illegal because all waste belongs to the government or its contractors. Then, confusion and uncertainty begin to float. Besides using the Environmental Quality Act (1974) to manage these wastes, the DOE is also using the Custom Order (Prohibiton of Import/Export) Order 2008 to control the importation and export of e waste (Ong, 2009). 2. Issues And Challenges On Developing And Implementing 3R (Reduce, Reuse and Recycle) There are several methods to manage all these e-waste materials. The most safe, encourage and cheapest is by 3R that are reduce, reuse and recycling. it can be summarized as follows (Hawari and Hassan, 2008) : à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Reduce: attempt to reduce the amount of waste generated reduce/eliminate use of toxic substances like lead and mercury. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Reuse: repeated use of items or parts of items which are still usable à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Recycle: use of waste itself as resource Since e-waste recycling is largely unregulated, accurate data regarding the end markets, both domestic and abroad, are not publicly available. Therefore, it is difficult to know how much e-waste that is collected for recycling is actually exported for processing (Linda, 2010). In the waste management hierarchy, 3R is high on the priority list and country analysis paper by Malaysia in one of its forum  [5]  state that Malaysia is capitalizing on technologies which are environmentally friendly, proven and cost effective to enhances its 3R programmers and activities in the country. The analysis paper also state that the construction, operation and maintenance of plants using such technologies involves high capital and cost. The banking sector is quite reluctant to provide the financial support especially when new technologies are involved. We still have weakness in recycling system around the world. The infrastructure like network of waste collection, transportation, and sorting activities is still being developed. Then proceed to the actual processing on the e-waste, if compared to recycling of paper, glass, and plastic, the process is more costly and expensive. Most local authorities in Malaysia did not have a sound financial resources to pay for all the new technologies carried out to treat and dispose the waste. Without the federal government intervention or commitment to provide the bridging finance, the introduction of environmentally friendly and modern technology will face an uphill task.  [6]   Then other problem on the situation when e-waste may be processed domestically after collection is also limited. A company that operates as a recycler may actually be a waste consolidator that sends the waste to another vendor. Those downstream vendors may separate the units for reuse, ship whole units abroad for processing, or process it domestically to some other uses (Linda, 2010). Good news is the electronics manufacturers are currently driven by various forces to make their products more easily recyclable and with fewer hazardous constituents.  [7]  Any future changes to electronic devices have no impact, however, on the hundreds of millions of devices currently in use or obsolete devices currently in storage (Linda, 2010). Eventually those devices will make their way to the disposal or recycling markets. Disposal (Incineration, Open Burning Or Landfilling) Incineration means destroy something especially waste material by burning. It is associated with a major risk of generating and dispersing contaminants and toxic substances (Mathias, 2010). The gases released during the burning and the residue ash is often toxic. Municipal solid waste (MSW) state that incineration plants have shown that copper, which is present in printed circuit boards and cables, act as catalyst for dioxin formation when flame retardants are incinerated (Gongkia, 2000). At this time incineration of toxic e-waste is taking place without much restriction around the world, especially in poorer countries. Incineration of electronic waste should be the last resort and should be at a minimum if not completely banned (April, 2010). Same goes to open burning which releases many pollutants into environment Since open fires burn at relatively low temperatures, they release many more smoke than in a controlled incineration process (Hawari and Hassan, 2010) When we landfill the e-waste, the problems comes by the leachate produces. It is often contains heavy metals and other toxic substances which can contaminate ground and water resources. Even state-of-the-art landfills which are sealed to prevent toxins from entering the ground are not completely tight in the long-term (Singh et al., 2012). Significant impacts from landfilling could be avoided by conditioning hazardous materials from e-waste separately and by landfilling only those fractions for which there are no further recycling possibilities and ensure that they are in state-of-the-art landfills that respect environmentally sound technical standards (Gongkia, 2000) Export In America, according to National Safety Council (1999), currently the cheapest e-waste recycling option in the US is to send e-waste overseas (McCarthy, 2002). According to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), up to 80% of American recycle e-waste is exported to poorer countries. However , how it is used or disposed of there is largely unknown (McCarthy, 2002). Example in Guiyu  [8]  , China, the PCs and peripherals forming mountain and overflowing into streets, with its people making a living stripping away PC part with their bare hands. Ministry of environment in India showed no results concerning report of e-waste, but the ministry admits that a 100% controls of the borders is not possible. What complicate the problem is that computer waste, which does not have any resale or reuse value, is openly burnt or disposed off in landfills. Although it is difficult to know exactly how much e-waste collected for recycling is exported, it appears that India or developing countries in Asia or Africa are most likely to receive e-waste. In these area, children and adults are not wearing safety to dismantle the e-waste in order to sell salvageable items. The rest of the materials are burned or buried. In Ghana, China and India, many of the workers are children, maybe substantially exposed to these hazardous materials (Kevin, 2007)  [9]  . 3. Management of E-waste in Malaysia. Malaysia has been putting a lot of effort to eradicate this problem before it gets persistent and out of control. The Recycle PC campaign, spearheaded by the Association of the Computer and Multimedia Industry of Malaysia (PIKOM) and waste management company Alam Flora Sdn. Bhd  [10]  , is picking up steam since its launch in march 2005 (Vatis, 2005). This campaign aims to create environmental awareness by encouraging the public and organisations to recycle PCs and the peripherals. Between the period of March 10 and April 30, 2005, Alam Flora has collected 816 computers and peripherals. This includes 194 computer monitors, 147 central processing units (CPUs) 428 printers, and 47 miscellaneous PC components (Karim, 2005) Panasonic Malaysia Sdn. Bhd. is among the first corporations to answer the call to recycle when it handed over 60 used PCs and laptops to Alam Flora within a week from launching the PC recycling campaign. The Japanese technology giant also pledged to donate more PCs to the Recycle PC campaign each time its embarks on a PC upgrading exercise. Alam Flora has assigned collection points and recycling centers all over the country for people to drop off their old PCs (Hawari and Hassan, 2008). Malaysia is not a destination for others countries put their e-waste. The non-systematic exporting and disposal of e-waste will give threat to our environment. Because of that, Department of Environmental is undergoing a research on take back policy specifically for encourage the producer companies to take back the electric and electronic that do not want to be used anymore for being recycle or dispose in safety ways (Douglas, 2010). Scrap computer/ television/ mobile phone and other e-waste Free/ sell Scrap collector Middlemen/ junkshops Recycling centres 2nd hand item Disposal facility Sell e-waste recylers Pre-treatment (separation) Scrap plastics/ others Raw materials Main board Electronic component Export market/ reassembling Local market Re-furnish/ recondition recycling Figure 1 : Materials flows of e-waste in Malaysia (Japan International Cooperation Agency, 2005) Currently, there are 138 e-waste recovery facilities in Malaysia. 16 out of them are the full recovery facilities and the other are the partial recovery facilities (Rahman, 2008). The main technology employed to recover e-wastes in terms of precious metal in Malaysia is still limited to wet chemical processes and electrolysis. State Partial recovery facility Full recovery facility Johor 17 3 Kedah 12 1 Melaka 12 3 Negeri Sembilan 5 1 Perak 4 0 Pulau Pinang 37 6 Sarawak 5 0 Selangor 25 2 Wilayah persekutuan 5 0 Total 122 16 Grand total 138 Table 1 : distribution of e-waste recovery facilities in Malaysia. (Rahman, 2008) But some of them that do not going to recycle are required to be transported by licensed contractors and dispose off in the centralized scheduled waste treatment and disposal facility in Bukit Nanas, Negeri Sembilan. (Theng, L. C., 2008)  [11]   The Bukit Nanas Waste Management Centre in Bukit Pelanduk, Negeri Sembilan, has the countrys sole landfill for hazardous waste. Here waste that has been treated, stabilized and packed in drums or durable plastic bags are buried in the landfill. 4. Effects On Environment And Human Health According to Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), more than 3.2 million tons of e-waste ended up in us landfills. European studies estimate that the volume of e-waste is rising by 3% to 5% per year, almost three times faster than municipal waste stream. Therefore, early action needs in order to tackle this problem before it is going up in our country. From Basel Action Network (BAN), estimate that the 500 million computers in the world contain 2.87 billion kilogram of plastics, 716.7 million kilogram of lead and 286700 kilogram of mercury. Table 2 shows some of the hazardous material that contain in the computer and their effects to human and the environment. Hazardous material Location Effects Lead Soldering of printed circuit boards and other electronic component Glass panels in computer monitors (cathode rays tube) Damage to the central and peripheral nervous system, blood system and kidney in human. effects to the endocrine system negative effects on the development of the brain in children have been well documented (Howell, 2001). Cadmium SMD chip resistors, infrared detectors and semiconductors. Possible risk of irreversible effects on human health (Howell, 2001). Easily be accumulated in amounts that cause symptoms of poisoning Mercury Batteries, switches/ housing, and printed wiring board. Causes chronic damage to the brain. Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Cabling and computer housing. Cause of dioxin  [12]  formation. Brominated Flame Retardant Printed circuit board act as endocrine disrupters cause an increased risk of cancer to the digestive and lymph systems reduce levels of the hormone thyroxin  [13]  in exposed animals. Table 2 : toxic chemicals contain and their effects (Hawari and Hassan, 2008). Various scientific observations indicate that polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDE) might act as endocrine disrupters. The levels of PBDEs in human breast milk are doubling every five years and this has prompted concern because of the effect of these chemicals in young animals (Howell, 2001) In addition, organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development in 1993 state that hexavalent chromium also exists in some of e-waste. It can easily pass through membranes of cells. It causes strong allergic reactions even in small concentrations. Asthmatic bronchitis is another allergic reaction linked to chromium VI. Chromium VI may also cause DNA damage (Howell, 2001) The incineration, land-filling, and illegal dumping of electronic wastes all contribute toxic chemicals to the environment. Environmental impacts includes contamination of all local environmental media like soil, air, surface water and ground water. For example, the primary hazardous recycling operations in Guiyu involve; Metal recovery that involves in open burning of wires to obtain steel and copper, cathode ray tube cracking to obtain copper-laden yokes, disordering and burning of circuit boards to remove solder and chips, and acid stripping chips for gold. Plastic recycling through chipping and melting; and dumping of materials that cannot be further processed (such as leaded CRT glass and burned circuit boards) and residues from recycling operations such as ashes from open burn operations, spent acid baths, and sludges (Yan, et al, 2009). Children in Guiyu were found to have blood lead levels (BLL) that were significantly higher than those in the neighboring village. Elevated BLLs in Guiyu children were common as a result of exposure to lead contamination caused by primitive e-waste recycling activities (Xia, 2007). . Prevents Options To Tackle The E-wastes In this section, some actions that can be adopted are reviewed. Almost all of these actions have to be carried out simultaneously. Someof them are targeted to create a wider awareness amongst the end-users. Binding purchasing with take-back product responsibility The aim of extended producer responsibility is to encourage producers to prevent pollution and reduce resource and energy use in each stage of the product life cycle through changes in product design and process technology (Hawari and Hassan, 2008). Hence, the producers have a great deal of responsibility to take back their products and recycle them at the end of the products operational lives. It puts full financial responsibility on producers to set up collection, recycling and disposal systems. In Malaysia, suitable take scheme on e-waste will enhance the management of e-waste (Rahman, 2008). He state that Voluntary take back scheme of e-wastes has not been implemented widely by the producer/ importer of electronic and electrical equipment, hence a compulsory requirement of take back scheme through legislation is required. Campaign to increase awareness If E-waste causes problems, the first priority should be to reduce its generation. In this regard, consumers in exporting countries should change their lifestyles (Moriguchi et al, 2006) Other we can do by giving some reward to the public to encourage them involve in 3R and the reward is not necessary in kind of money (Iswalah, 2008). The end-user should contact the local or state government representatives, explain to them why he or she is concerned and ask them to get involved in developing solutions (Hawari and Hassan, 2008). By donating used electronics, schools, non-profit organizations, and lower-income families can afford to use equipment that they otherwise could not afford (Hawari and Hassan, 2008). Swiss Association for the Information, Communication and Organizational Technologies (SWICO) system This system compared to other is one of the most best management of e-waste nowadays.The system considers material flows related to electronic equipment from the point where it becomes waste until the point where the fractions resulting from sorting, dismantling, recycling and disposal processes become secondary raw materials or are disposed of in a landfill (Doka, 2003). So, how its work? According to Muller and Esther (2009), Manual dismantling is the first step, more traditional way to separate hazardous materials from recyclable materials, and to generate recyclable materials from electronic waste. In a pre-sorting process, the incoming e-waste first is separated into the different categories. Then, mechanical dismantling, the typical components of it plant crushing units, shredders, magnetic separators and air separators. The exhaust gases are clean up in waste gas purification plants and the dust generated collected with dust filters. And for refining, it is included mechanical, thermal and chemical processes and typically performed for fractions such as batteries, ferrous and non-ferrous metal, recyclable plastic and printed boards. Methodology Most of the methodology of my research proposal is by doing library and internet research. It is important to get background information and to study the past research. It is also useful to make the literature review. I will go through some of the journals, articles, reports and projects there. To get better understanding, I will get some interviews with the workers at Department of Environtment (DOE) to get details data about how e-waste is managing in Malaysia and generally around the world.. I also will go for interview with Prof. Aghamuthu  [14]  (lecturer in UM) for his opinions. By using recorder, all the conversations and dialogues will be recorded. Survey is also useful to get the information. It will be distributed them to the workers that work in landfill site especially in Bukit Nanas, Negeri Sembilan. The survey contain more on investigating their bodys health and to be related with the symptoms due to toxic discarded from e-waste. Site visit also involved in my methodology. It will take up to a fully day for me to see all the process. It is also to make sure that i will not left behind all the important information. Along the visit, camera will be used to take photos there to help me get a better analysis. Expected output There still a lot of issues that should be consider in managing the e-waste. . Work Plan The work plan start in week three and it takes about 11 weeks to finish it. Weeks Actions 3 Choose the title To make sure that the title is not to narrowed or broad, and to make sure it can be done on the time given. 4-7 Library and internet research By collected, take note, and borrows the materials from them before further analyse. 8-10 review and Analyse data Organize all the information into the structure of research proposal and relate the information of one reading to another. 11-13 Presentation work Prepare the slide that summarize the research proposal. 14 Submit report Do some repair on the lack and comment from presentation. Budget Estimated budget: Item Price (RM) Transportation for fuel and public transportation 100.00 Prints for surveys paper, and all the reading materials that cannot be borrowed. 20.00 Gift for interviewers 30.00 total 150.00

Criminals and Society: The Battle Between Reintegration and Recidivism

ABSTRACT: This research paper is focused on released convicts and the struggles they face to become active, progressive members of society. Sadly, these released offenders regularly face discrimination in their job searches, in attempts to secure housing for themselves and their families, and to be accepted by their communities. Without the right support structures in place upon their release, these former prisoners may very well fall back into lives of crime. Without a suitable place to stay, these released offenders may become recidivists, falling back into their familiar roles as law breakers, if only to provide the basic necessities for themselves and their families. Statistically, more than one third of released offenders end up back in jail within a year of their initial release. Through this study, I hoped to shed light on some of the main causes of criminal recidivism using Labeling Theory and Social Learning Theory. INTRODUCTION: More than 600,000 prisoners are released into the main population of the United States every year. Of that 600,000, 30 percent end up back behind bars within six months of their release, and 70 percent end up returning to jail within three years (Reisig, 409). Upon release, many criminals find that life on the outside is harder on them than it was when they were convicted, sentenced, and locked away. People who know them may become just as prejudiced as the interviewers and landlords who deny them the chance to earn a living or a place to stay. Through the continued use of labels like criminal, thug, crook, and felon, many released offenders feel ostracized and isolated. Their friends and families may turn their backs on them, taking away the few things they have left... ... database. MacKenzie, Doris Layton. (2006, May) Aftercare Following A Correctional Bootcamp May Reduce Recidivism. Criminology & Public Policy, 5(2), 359. Retrieved from Criminal Justice Periodicals Database. Visher, Christy A. (2006, May) Effective Reentry Programs. Criminology & Public Policy, 5(2), 299. Retrieved from Criminal Justice Periodicals Database. Listwan, Shelley J., Cullen, Francis T., Latessa, Edward J. (2006, December) How to Prevent Prisoner Re-entry Programs From Failing: Insights From Evidence-Based Corrections. Federal Probation, 70(3), 19. Retrieved from Criminal Justice Periodicals. Leighninger, L., & Popple, Phillip R. (1996). Social Work, Social Welfare, and American Society (3rd. ed.). Allyn and Bacon: Needham Heights, MA. Calhoun, C., Light, D., & Keller, S. (1989). Sociology (5th. ed.). Alfred A. Knopf: New York.